Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 6 de 6
Filter
1.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 35(supl.2): S132-S139, 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-691399

ABSTRACT

The use of antipsychotic drugs represents an important approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, their efficacy is limited to certain symptoms of this disorder, and they induce serious side effects. As a result, there is a strong demand for the development of new drugs, which depends on reliable animal models for pharmacological characterization. The present review discusses the face, construct, and predictive validity of classical animal models for studying the efficacy and side effects of compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia. These models are based on the properties of antipsychotics to impair the conditioned avoidance response and reverse certain behavioral changes induced by psychotomimetic drugs, such as stereotypies, hyperlocomotion, and deficit in prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Other tests, which are not specific to schizophrenia, may predict drug effects on negative and cognitive symptoms, such as deficits in social interaction and memory impairment. Regarding motor side effects, the catalepsy test predicts the liability of a drug to induce Parkinson-like syndrome, whereas vacuous chewing movements predict the liability to induce dyskinesia after chronic treatment. Despite certain limitations, these models may contribute to the development of more safe and efficacious antipsychotic drugs.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Rats , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Treatment Outcome
2.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 34(supl.2): s163-s177, Oct. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-662766

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder whose mechanisms have remained only partially elucidated. The current proposals regarding its biological basis, such as the dopaminergic hypothesis, do not fully explain the diversity of its symptoms, indicating that other processes may be involved. This paper aims to review evidence supporting the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a neurotransmitter group that is the target of Cannabis sativa compounds, in this disorder. METHODS: A systematic review of original papers, published in English, indexed in PubMed up to April, 2012. RESULTS: Most studies employed genetics and histological, neuroimaging or neurochemical methods - either in vivo or post-mortem - to investigate whether components of the ECS are compromised in patients. Overall, the data show changes in cannabinoid receptors in certain brain regions as well as altered levels in endocannabinoid levels in cerebrospinal fluid and/or blood. CONCLUSIONS: Although a dysfunction of the ECS has been described, results are not entirely consistent across studies. Further data are warrant to better define a role of this system in schizophrenia.


OBJETIVO: A esquizofrenia é um transtorno psiquiátrico cujos mecanismos permanecem apenas parcialmente elucidados. As atuais propostas relativas à base biológica, tais como a hipótese dopaminérgica, não explicam por completo a diversidade de seus sintomas, o que indica que outros processos podem estar envolvidos. Este artigo tem como objetivo revisar indícios que sustentem o envolvimento do sistema endocanabinoide (SECB), um grupo de neurotransmissoresalvo dos compostos da Cannabis sativa, nesse transtorno. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática dos artigos originais, publicados em inglês e indexados no PubMed até abril de 2012. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos estudos empregou métodos neuroquímicos ou de neuroimagem genéticos e histológicos - tanto in vivo quanto post-mortem - para investigar se os componentes do SECB estão comprometidos nos pacientes. De modo geral, os dados mostram mudanças nos receptores canabinoides em determinadas regiões cerebrais, bem como a alteração dos níveis de endocanabinoides no líquido cefalorraquidiano e/ou no sangue. CONCLUSÕES: Ainda que a disfunção do SECB tenha sido descrita, os resultados dos estudos não são totalmente consistentes. São necessários mais dados para definir melhor o papel desse sistema na esquizofrenia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Endocannabinoids/physiology , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Endocannabinoids/analysis , Endocannabinoids/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/analysis , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenia/genetics
3.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 3(1): 39-42, Jan.-June 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-604499

ABSTRACT

The use of Cannabis sativa by humans dates back several thousand years, for both its psychotomimetic and potential medicinal properties. As scientific research methods developed, the cannabinoids present in this herb were characterized, as well as their complex interface with the human central nervous system, provided by the activation of specific receptors. The subsequent description of an endogenous cannabinoid system in the mammalian brain shifted the notion of cannabis as a recreational drug to a therapeutic alternative for psychiatric disorders. However, the neuroanatomical sites mediating its effects have remained uncertain. In the present paper, we review recent data suggesting that the midbrain periaqueductal gray may be a structure involved in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabinoids.


Subject(s)
Anxiety , Endocannabinoids , Periaqueductal Gray , Receptors, Cannabinoid
4.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 32(supl.1): 57-514, maio 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-547317

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Este artigo revisa o sistema endocanabinoide e as respectivas estratégias de intervenções farmacológicas. MÉTODO: Realizou-se uma revisão da literatura sobre o sistema endocanabinoide e a sua farmacologia, considerando-se artigos originais ou de revisão escritos em inglês. DISCUSSÃO: Canabinoides são um grupo de compostos presentes na Cannabis Sativa (maconha), a exemplo do Δ9-tetraidrocanabinol e seus análogos sintéticos. Estudos sobre o seu perfil farmacológico levaram à descoberta do sistema endocanabinoide do cérebro de mamíferos. Este sistema é composto por pelo menos dois receptores acoplados a uma proteína G, CB1 e CB2, pelos seus ligantes endógenos (endocanabinoides; a exemplo da anandamida e do 2-araquidonoil glicerol) e pelas enzimas responsáveis por sintetizá-los e metabolizá-los. Os endocanabinoides representam uma classe de mensageiros neurais que são sintetizados sob demanda e liberados de neurônios pós-sinápticos para restringir a liberação de neurotransmissores clássicos de terminais pré-sinápticos. Esta sinalização retrógrada modula uma diversidade de funções cerebrais, incluindo ansiedade, medo e humor, em que a ativação de receptores CB1 pode exercer efeitos dos tipos ansiolítico e antidepressivo em estudos préclínicos. CONCLUSÃO: Experimentos com modelos animais sugerem que drogas que facilitam a ação dos endocanabinoides podem representar uma nova estratégia para o tratamento de transtornos de ansiedade e depressão.


OBJECTIVE: The present review provides a brief introduction into the endocannabinoid system and discusses main strategies of pharmacological interventions. METHOD: We have reviewed the literature relating to the endocannabinoid system and its pharmacology; both original and review articles written in English were considered. DISCUSSION: Cannabinoids are a group of compounds present in Cannabis Sativa (hemp), such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and their synthetic analogues. Research on their pharmacological profile led to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the mammalian brain. This system comprises at least two G-protein coupled receptors, CB1 and CB2, their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids; e.g. the fatty acid derivatives anandamide and 2-arachydonoyl glycerol), and the enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid synthesis and catabolism. Endocannabinoids represent a class of neuromessengers, which are synthesized on demand and released from post-synaptic neurons to restrain the release of classical neurotransmitters from pre-synaptic terminals.This retrograde signalling modulates a variety of brain functions, including anxiety, fear and mood, whereby activation of CB1 receptors was shown to exert anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects in preclinical studies. CONCLUSION: Animal experiments suggest that drugs promoting endocannabinoid action may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy , Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/therapeutic use , Depression/drug therapy , Endocannabinoids , Anxiety Disorders/metabolism , Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists , Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists , Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/metabolism , Depression/metabolism , Receptors, Cannabinoid/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects
5.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 31(2): 145-153, jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-517903

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Experimental evidence has suggested that drugs that enhance cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor activity may induce anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, whilst the opposite has been reported with antagonists. Thus, the objective of the present review is to discuss the potential psychiatric side-effects of CB1 receptor antagonists, such as rimonabant, which has been recently marketed in several countries for the treatment of smoking cessation, obesity and associated metabolic disorders. METHOD: Literature searches were performed in PubMed and SciELO databases up to February 2009. The terms searched were "obesity", "rimonabant", "cannabinoids", "unwanted effects", "diabetes", "smoking cessation" and "side-effects". RESULTS: Clinical trials have revealed that rimonabant may promote weight loss in obese patients, although it may also induce symptoms of anxiety and depression. DISCUSSION: Patients taking CB1 receptor antagonists should be carefully investigated for psychiatric side-effects. These drugs should not be prescribed for those already suffering from mental disorders. Nevertheless, the development of new compounds targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of several conditions would be necessary and opportune.


OBJETIVO: Evidência experimental sugere que drogas que aumentam a atividade dos receptores canabinóides tipo 1 (CB1) podem induzir efeitos ansiolíticos ou antidepressivos, enquanto que o oposto tem sido relatado com antagonistas. Assim, o objetivo da presente revisão é discutir os potenciais efeitos-colaterais psiquiátricos de antagonistas do receptor CB1, como o rimonabanto, que foi recentemente liberado para comercialização em diversos países para o tratamento do tabagismo, obesidade e de desordens metabólicas associadas. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma busca na literatura no PubMed e Scielo até fevereiro de 2009, com os termos "obesity", "rimonabant", "cannabinoids", "unwanted effects", "diabetes" , "smoking cessation" e "side effects". RESULTADOS: Ensaios clínicos revelaram que o rimonabanto pode produzir perda de peso em pacientes obesos, embora também possa induzir sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. DISCUSSÃO: Pacientes tomando antagonistas do receptor CB1 devem ser cuidadosamente examinados quanto aos efeitos-colaterais psiquiátricos. Estas drogas não devem ser prescritas a indivíduos que já sofrem de transtornos mentais. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de novos compostos que atuem no sistema endocanabinóide para o tratamento das mais diversas condições parece necessário e oportuno.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anxiety Disorders/chemically induced , Appetite Depressants/adverse effects , Depressive Disorder/chemically induced , Obesity/drug therapy , Piperidines/adverse effects , Pyrazoles/adverse effects , Smoking/drug therapy , Endocannabinoids/physiology , Metabolic Diseases/drug therapy , Placebo Effect , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology , Smoking Cessation/methods
6.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 40(1): 63-71, jan.-mar. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-463859

ABSTRACT

Esta revisão discute algumas das principais hipóteses sobre os mecanismos de ação dos antipsicóticos no tratamento da esquizofrenia. São abordadas as teorias tentando diferenciar os antipsicóticos atípicos dos típicos, como a do antagonismo de receptores D2 de dopamina e 5-HT2 de serotonina, a da dissociação rápida do receptor D2 e, por fim, a teoria do agonismo parcial. Elas constituem um exemplo fascinante de como evoluem as idéias sobre os efeitos dos medicamentos. Além disso, mostram que há uma necessidade crescente de conceitose termos básicos da Farmacologia para que se compreendam as diferenças observadas entre os antipsicóticos. Daí a justificativa para um texto que aborde os aspectos farmacológicos e as suas respectivas implicações.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antipsychotic Agents , Schizophrenia/history , Pharmacology
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL